Post-Gupta Period I (600AD – 750AD)
The fall of the Gupta rulers paved the way for domination of the Later Guptas, Maukharis and Pushyabhutis in the North.
Harsha, though a Pushyabhuti ruler of Thaneswar ruled from Kanauj, which was originally the seat of Maukharis, with whom he contracted a marriage alliance.
Harsha is celebrated as last ‘Hindu’ ruler in the North post the Gupta era.
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The fall of the Gupta rulers paved the way for domination of the Later Guptas, Maukharis and Pushyabhutis in the North.
Harsha, though a Pushyabhuti ruler of Thaneswar ruled from Kanauj, which was originally the seat of Maukharis, with whom he contracted a marriage alliance.
Harsha is celebrated as last ‘Hindu’ ruler in the North post the Gupta era.
ANCIENT HISTORY – SOUTH INDIA
(From megalithic to the state polities of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas)
The beginning of the historical period is marked by the settlements of large scale rural communities which practised agriculture with the help of iron implements, the formation of the state system, the rise of social classes, use of writing, beginnings of written literature, use of metal money and so on.
However, all these phenomena did not emerge in a linear fashion in southern India, especially at the tip of the peninsula with the Kaveri delta as the nuclear zone, until about the 2nd century BCE.
The Neolithic phase of south India which was marked by the use of polished stone axe and blade tools was succeeded by the Megalithic phase (around 1200 BCE – 300 BCE).
The Cholas, Pandyas and the Keralaputras (Cheras) mentioned in the Ashokan inscriptions probably belonged to the last phase of Megalithic culture.
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(From megalithic to the state polities of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas)
The beginning of the historical period is marked by the settlements of large scale rural communities which practised agriculture with the help of iron implements, the formation of the state system, the rise of social classes, use of writing, beginnings of written literature, use of metal money and so on.
However, all these phenomena did not emerge in a linear fashion in southern India, especially at the tip of the peninsula with the Kaveri delta as the nuclear zone, until about the 2nd century BCE.
The Neolithic phase of south India which was marked by the use of polished stone axe and blade tools was succeeded by the Megalithic phase (around 1200 BCE – 300 BCE).
The Cholas, Pandyas and the Keralaputras (Cheras) mentioned in the Ashokan inscriptions probably belonged to the last phase of Megalithic culture.
CHERA, CHOLA, PANDYA
The early three kingdoms – The Pandyas, the Cholas and the Cheras
The southern end of the Indian peninsula situated south of the Krishna river was divided into three kingdoms – Chola, Pandya and Chera (or Kerala).
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The early three kingdoms – The Pandyas, the Cholas and the Cheras
The southern end of the Indian peninsula situated south of the Krishna river was divided into three kingdoms – Chola, Pandya and Chera (or Kerala).
The Pandyas:
Covers modern Tirunelveli, Madurai, Ramnad districts and south Travancore.
Capital : Madurai,
Emblem : Fish,
Imp. Port : Korkai
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Covers modern Tirunelveli, Madurai, Ramnad districts and south Travancore.
Capital : Madurai,
Emblem : Fish,
Imp. Port : Korkai
The Cholas:
Covers modern Tanjore and Tiruchirappalli districts of Tamil Nadu.
Capital: Uraiyur
Emblem: Tiger
Port: Puhar (modern Kaveripattanam)
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Covers modern Tanjore and Tiruchirappalli districts of Tamil Nadu.
Capital: Uraiyur
Emblem: Tiger
Port: Puhar (modern Kaveripattanam)
The Cheras:
Covers mostly the Kerala coast.
Capital: Vanji / Karuvur
Emblem: Bow
Port: Tondi and Muchiri
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Covers mostly the Kerala coast.
Capital: Vanji / Karuvur
Emblem: Bow
Port: Tondi and Muchiri
SANGAM LITERATURE
Sangam literature is the name given to the earliest available Tamil literature. The Sangam age roughly extends between 300 BC and 300 AD*, although most of the work is believed to have been composed between 100 CE and 250 CE
Based on the Context and Interpretation Details of Sangam Literature
Aham (Inner): Abstract discussion on human aspects such as love, etc.
Puram (outer) : Human experiences such as heroism, customs, social life, ethics, philanthropy, etc.
Other Facts will Update Soon...
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Sangam literature is the name given to the earliest available Tamil literature. The Sangam age roughly extends between 300 BC and 300 AD*, although most of the work is believed to have been composed between 100 CE and 250 CE
Based on the Context and Interpretation Details of Sangam Literature
Aham (Inner): Abstract discussion on human aspects such as love, etc.
Puram (outer) : Human experiences such as heroism, customs, social life, ethics, philanthropy, etc.
Other Facts will Update Soon...
SANGAM ASSEMBLIES
According to the Tamil legends, there were three Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) held in the ancient South India popularly called Muchchangam.
The First Sangam, is believed to be held at Madurai, attended by gods and legendary sages. No literary work of this Sangam is available.
The Second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram, only Tolkappiyam survives from this.
The Third Sangam was also held at Madurai. A few of these Tamil literary works have survived and are a useful sources to reconstruct the history of the Sangam period.
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According to the Tamil legends, there were three Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) held in the ancient South India popularly called Muchchangam.
The First Sangam, is believed to be held at Madurai, attended by gods and legendary sages. No literary work of this Sangam is available.
The Second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram, only Tolkappiyam survives from this.
The Third Sangam was also held at Madurai. A few of these Tamil literary works have survived and are a useful sources to reconstruct the history of the Sangam period.
Sangam Literature: Major source giving details of Sangam Age
The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named – Silappathikaram and Manimegalai .
Tolkappiyam was authored by Tolkappiyar and is considered the earliest of Tamil literary work. Though it is a work on Tamil grammar but it also provides insights on the political and socio-economic conditions of the time.
Ettutogai (Eight Anthologies) consist of eight works – Aingurunooru, Narrinai, Aganaooru, Purananooru, Kuruntogai, Kalittogai, Paripadal and Padirruppatu.
The Pattuppattu (Ten Idylls) consists of ten works – Thirumurugarruppadai, Porunararruppadai, Sirupanarruppadai, Perumpanarruppadai, Mullaippattu, Nedunalvadai, Maduraikkanji, Kurinjippatttu,Pattinappalai and Malaipadukadam.
Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works about ethics and morals. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar, the tamil great poet and philosopher.
The two epics Silappathikaram is written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar. They also provide valuable details about the Sangam society and polity
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The Sangam literature includes Tolkappiyam, Ettutogai, Pattuppattu, Pathinenkilkanakku, and two epics named – Silappathikaram and Manimegalai .
Tolkappiyam was authored by Tolkappiyar and is considered the earliest of Tamil literary work. Though it is a work on Tamil grammar but it also provides insights on the political and socio-economic conditions of the time.
Ettutogai (Eight Anthologies) consist of eight works – Aingurunooru, Narrinai, Aganaooru, Purananooru, Kuruntogai, Kalittogai, Paripadal and Padirruppatu.
The Pattuppattu (Ten Idylls) consists of ten works – Thirumurugarruppadai, Porunararruppadai, Sirupanarruppadai, Perumpanarruppadai, Mullaippattu, Nedunalvadai, Maduraikkanji, Kurinjippatttu,Pattinappalai and Malaipadukadam.
Pathinenkilkanakku contains eighteen works about ethics and morals. The most important among these works is Tirukkural authored by Thiruvalluvar, the tamil great poet and philosopher.
The two epics Silappathikaram is written by Elango Adigal and Manimegalai by Sittalai Sattanar. They also provide valuable details about the Sangam society and polity
Early Medieval India
After the death of Harshavardhana, many kingdoms arose in North and Eastern India.
After the fall of the Gauda King Shashanka, there was anarchy in the region forming Bengal.
The Pala kingdom had a close relationship Southeast Asia particularly the Sri Vijaya Empire in Sumatra.
It also had links with the Tibetan Empire and the Arab Abbasid Caliphate
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After the death of Harshavardhana, many kingdoms arose in North and Eastern India.
After the fall of the Gauda King Shashanka, there was anarchy in the region forming Bengal.
The Pala kingdom had a close relationship Southeast Asia particularly the Sri Vijaya Empire in Sumatra.
It also had links with the Tibetan Empire and the Arab Abbasid Caliphate
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To remain with us join
Our Channel @UgcNetHistoryOfficial
Q: The Paleolithic Age is also known as:
Anonymous Quiz
79%
a) Old Stone Age
11%
b) New Stone Age
7%
c) Copper Age
3%
d) Bronze Age
Q: The primary source of food for Paleolithic people was:
Anonymous Quiz
7%
a) Agriculture
90%
b) Hunting and gathering
3%
c) Fishing
0%
d) Trade
This is Our New Group
Previous one temporary closed due to some issues join this to continue discussion
https://t.me/Net_History_Group
Previous one temporary closed due to some issues join this to continue discussion
https://t.me/Net_History_Group
SOURCES FOR NEXT NET CYCLE
Ancient India: Upinder Singh's Book
Medieval India: Satish Chandra Both Vol.
Modern India: Shekar Bando upadhyaya
And spectrum
For Historiography: E Shreedharan for basic understanding
VK agnihotri or Krishna Reddy for MCQs
Previous Year Question of History Net
You can also use Papu Singh Prajapat Books
#Sources
Join@UgcNetHistoryOfficial
Ancient India: Upinder Singh's Book
Medieval India: Satish Chandra Both Vol.
Modern India: Shekar Bando upadhyaya
And spectrum
For Historiography: E Shreedharan for basic understanding
VK agnihotri or Krishna Reddy for MCQs
Previous Year Question of History Net
You can also use Papu Singh Prajapat Books
#Sources
Join